Vietnam's 15 elements on UNESCO-recognised intangible cultural heritage list

The art of pottery making by Cham ethnic people (Photo: VNA)

Hanoi – Vietnam possesses an array of intangible cultural heritage elements recognised by UNESCO.

1. Nha Nhac - Vietnamese court music

Inscribed in 2008 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity (originally proclaimed in 2003), Nha Nhac, meaning "elegant music", refers to a broad range of musical and dance styles performed at the Vietnamese royal court from the 15th to the mid-20th century.

Nha Nhac was generally featured at the opening and closing ceremonies associated with anniversaries, religious holidays, coronations, funerals and official receptions. Among the numerous musical genres that developed in Vietnam, only Nha Nhac can claim a nationwide scope and strong links with the traditions of other East Asian countries.

Nha Nhac performances formerly featured numerous singers, dancers and musicians dressed in sumptuous costumes. In addition, large-scale orchestras included a prominent drum section and many other types of percussion instruments, as well as a variety of wind and string instruments.

All performers had to maintain a high concentration level since they were expected to follow each ritual step meticulously. Nha Nhac developed during the Le dynasty (1427-1788) and became highly institutionalised and codified under the Nguyen monarchs (1802-1945).

As a symbol of the dynasty's power and longevity, Nha Nhac became an essential part of the court's ceremonies. However, the role of Nha Nhac was not limited to musical accompaniment for court rituals: it also provided a means of communicating with and paying tribute to the gods and kings and transmitting knowledge about nature and the universe. Certain forms of Nha Nhac have been maintained in popular rituals and religious ceremonies and serve as inspiration for contemporary Vietnamese music.

2. Space of gong culture

Inscribed in 2008 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity (originally proclaimed in 2005), the cultural space of the gongs in the Central Highlands of Vietnam is closely linked to the daily life of local people. Their belief systems form a mystical world where the gongs produce a privileged language between men, divinities and the supernatural world.

Behind every gong hides a god or goddess. Every family possesses at least one gong, which indicates the family's wealth, authority and prestige. While a range of brass instruments is used in the various ceremonies, the gong alone is present in all the rituals of community life.

Each instrumentalist carries a gong measuring 25 and 80 cm in diameter. From three to twelve, gongs are played by the village ensembles, which are made up of men or women. Different arrangements and rhythms are adapted to the context of the ceremony, for example, the ritual sacrifice of the bullocks, the blessing of the rice or mourning rites.

3. Quan ho Bac Ninh folk songs

Quan ho singing is common at rituals, festivals, competitions and informal gatherings. (Photo: VNA)

Inscribed in 2009 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, the Quan ho Bac Ninh folk songs are performed as alternating verses between two women from one village who sing in harmony and two men from another village who respond with similar melodies but with different lyrics. The women traditionally wear distinctive large round hats and scarves; the men's costumes include turbans, umbrellas and tunics.

The song lyrics express people's emotional states of longing and sadness upon separation and the happiness of meeting lovers.

Quan ho singing is common at rituals, festivals, competitions and informal gatherings, where guests will perform a variety of verses for their hosts before singing farewell. In addition, younger musicians of both sexes may practice the four singing techniques – restrained, resonant, ringing and staccato – at parties organised around singing.

Quan ho songs demonstrate the spirit, philosophy and local identity of the communities in this region and help forge social bonds within and between villages that share a cherished cultural practice.

4. Ca Tru singing

Inscribed in 2009 on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding, Ca tru is a complex form of sung poetry found in the north of Vietnam using lyrics written in traditional Vietnamese poetic forms.

Ca tru groups comprise three performers: a female singer who uses breathing techniques and vibrato to create unique ornamented sounds while playing the clappers or striking a wooden box, and two instrumentalists who produce the deep tone of a three-stringed lute and the strong sounds of a praise drum.

Some Ca tru performances also include dance. In addition, the varied forms of Ca tru fulfil different social purposes, including worship singing, singing for entertainment, singing in royal palaces and competitive singing.

Ca tru has 56 musical forms or melodies, each of which is called "the cach". Folk artists transmit the music and poems that comprise Ca tru pieces by oral and technical transmission, formerly within their family line, but now to any who wish to learn.

5. Giong festival of Phu Dong and Soc temples

Inscribed in 2010 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, the Giong festival of Phu Dong and Soc temples is celebrated annually in outlying districts of Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam.

Each spring, before the rice harvest, Vietnamese people honour the mythical hero, god and saint Thanh Giong, who is credited with defending the country from foreign enemies and is worshipped as the patron god of the harvest, national peace and family prosperity.

The festival at Phu Dong temple, which takes place in the fourth lunar month in the village of his birth, symbolically re-enacts his feats by riding a white horse into battle and orchestrating an elaborate flag dance to symbolise the battle itself. Young men receive extensive training to play the roles of Flag Master, Drum Master, Gong Master, Army Master and Children's Master, while 28 girls aged 9 to 13 are selected to play the enemy generals. The Flag Master's dancing movements and drum and gong sounds convey the development of the battle, and paper butterflies released from the flag symbolically disperse the invaders.

The arrival of rain after the festival is seen as a blessing from the saint for an abundant harvest. The celebrations at Soc temple, where Saint Giong ascended to heaven, take place in the first lunar month and include bathing his statue and a procession of bamboo flowers to the temple as offerings to the saint.

6. Xoan singing of Phu Tho province

Inscribed in 2017 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, Xoan singing in the northern province of Phu Tho includes singing, dancing, drumming and clapper beating.

It is closely linked to the worship of the Hung Kings, a belief rooted in the ancestor worship practice of Vietnamese people. Bearers and practitioners form four guilds, in which the male and female "Trum" play the most important role: they preserve the songs, select students, transmit the singing styles and repertoires and organise practices. They also introduce and teach Xoan singing in clubs and guilds.

As a community performing art, Xoan singing fosters cultural understanding, cohesion, and mutual respect. The Vietnamese Institute for Musicology has collected 31 Xoan songs, and thanks to the efforts of several Xoan artists, four guilds have been established. Thirty-three dedicated clubs also exist, and seminars are held to expand the knowledge of Xoan. Senior Xoan artists transmit the singing orally, using written songs and audio and visual recordings.

7. Worship of Hung Kings in Phu Tho

The worship of Hung Kings in the northern province of Phu Tho draws millions of people annually. (Photo: VNA)

Inscribed in 2012 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, the worship of Hung Kings in the northern province of Phu Tho draws millions of people annually to commemorate their ancestors and pray for abundant weather harvests, good luck and good health.

The largest ceremony, the ancestral anniversary festival of the Hing Kings, is celebrated for about one week at the beginning of the third lunar month. People from surrounding villages dress in splendid costumes and compete to provide the best palanquin and most highly valued objects of worship for the key rite in which drums and gongs are conveyed to the main temple site.

Communities make offerings of rice-based delicacies such as square and glutinous cakes, and there are verbal and folk art performances, bronze drum beating, Xoan singing, prayers and petitions.

8. Art of Don ca tai tu music and song in southern Vietnam

Inscribed in 2013 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, the art of "Don ca tai tu" music and song is an indispensable part of the spiritual activity and cultural heritage of people in the south of Vietnam.

The music and songs evoke the people's life and work on the land and rivers of the Mekong Delta region. Performed at numerous events such as festivals, death anniversary rituals and celebrations, "Don ca tai tu" is thus intimately connected with other cultural practices, customs, oral traditions and handicrafts.

Performers express their feelings by improvising, ornamenting and varying the skeletal melody and main rhythmic patterns of these pieces. "Don ca tai tu" is played on various instruments, including the moon-shaped lute, two-stringed fiddle, sixteen-stringed zither, pear-shaped lute, percussion, monochord and bamboo flute. Its repertoire is based on twenty principal songs and seventy-two classical songs.

The musical art is passed on through oral transmission, based on imitation, from master instrumentalists and singers to students. Musicians need to study for at least three years to learn the basic instrumental techniques and master the musical modes to express moods and emotions. Vocal students study traditional songs and learn to improvise subtly, using different ornamentation techniques.

9. Vi and Giam folk songs of Nghe Tinh

Inscribed in 2014 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, Vi and Giam songs are sung by many communities in the north-central provinces of Nghe An and Ha Tinh.

Specific songs are sung without instrumental accompaniment while people cultivate rice in the fields, row boats, make conical hats or lull children to sleep.

Vi and Giam lyrics use the dialect and linguistic idioms of the Nghe Tinh region and practitioners sing with the particular singing voice of local people.

Many of the songs focus on key values and virtues, including respect for parents, loyalty, care and devotion, the importance of honesty and a good heart in maintaining village customs and traditions.

Singing gives people a chance to ease hardship while working, relieve sorrow in their lives, express feelings of sentiment between men and women, and exchange feelings of love between unmarried boys and girls.

Today Vi and Giam are commonly performed at community cultural events and are sung by artists in theatres.

10. Tugging rituals and games

Inscribed in 2015 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, tugging rituals and games in the rice-farming cultures of East Asia and Southeast Asia are enacted among communities to ensure abundant harvests and prosperity.

They promote social solidarity, provide entertainment and mark the start of a new agricultural cycle. Many tugging rituals and games also have profound religious significance. Most variations include two teams, each pulling one end of a rope and attempting to tug it from the other. The intentionally uncompetitive nature of the event removes the emphasis on winning or losing, affirming that these traditions are performed to promote the community's well-being and reminding members of the importance of cooperation.

Many tugging games bear traces of agricultural rituals, symbolising the strength of natural forces, such as the sun and rain, while incorporating mythological elements or purification rites.

Tugging rituals and games are often organised in front of a village's communal house or shrine, preceded by commemorative rites to local protective deities. Village elders play active roles in leading and organising younger people in playing the game and holding accompanying rituals.

They also strengthen unity, solidarity, and community members' sense of belonging and identity.

11. Practices related to Vietnamese beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms

Inscribed in 2016 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, the practices of the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms (heaven, water, and mountains and forests) aim to meet the spiritual needs and everyday wishes of Vietnamese people.

The Mother Goddesses include Lieu Hanh (a nymph who descended to earth, lived as a human and became a Buddhist nun), referred to as the Mother of the World, and other spirits considered legendary heroes. The traditional practice involves daily worship and participation in ceremonies, rituals like the spirit possession ritual and festivals such as Phu Day at temples dedicated to the Mother Goddesses. These activities associated with the practice help to maintain part of the community's history, cultural heritage and identity, with some aspects incorporating traditional costumes, music and dance.

Bearers and practitioners are members of the public, temple guardians, ritual priests, spirit mediums, assistants and musicians who transmit knowledge and skills orally to newcomers and family members. The practice of shared values and strong beliefs in the compassion and grace of the Mother Goddesses provides a basis for social relations connecting members of participating communities.

The worshipping of the Mother Goddesses also contributes to the appreciation of women and their roles in society.

12. The art of Bai Choi in central Vietnam

Inscribed in 2017 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, the art of Bai Choi in central Vietnam is a diverse art combining music, poetry, acting, painting and literature.

It takes two main forms: Bai Choi games and Bai Choi performances. Bai Choi games involve a card game played in bamboo huts during the Lunar New Year. In Bai Choi performances, male and female artists perform on a rattan mat, moving from place to place or on private occasions for families.

The art of Bai Choi is an important form of culture and recreation within village communities. Performers and their families play a major role in safeguarding the practice by teaching younger generations song repertoires, singing skills, performance techniques and card-making methods. Together with communities, these performers have set up nearly 90 Bai Choi teams, groups and clubs to practise and transmit the art form, which attracts wide community participation.

Most art performers learn their skills within the family, and the skills are mainly transmitted orally. Still, artists specialising in Bai Choi also transmit knowledge and skills in clubs, schools and associations.

With 12 intangible cultural heritages recognised by UNESCO, Vietnam now ranks eighth out of 177 member nations of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage.

13. Then singing practice of Tay, Nung, Thai ethnic people

Then singing practice of Vietnam's ethnic groups of Tay, Nung, Thai was named in the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity list on December 13, 2019.

The practice is an art form which combines a wide range of arts, such as literature, music, painting and performance. It is an essential part of the spiritual life of the Tay, Nung and Thai ethnic groups, reflecting their concepts of humans, the world and the universe.

It is performed during major celebrations of the new year, ploughing, and rituals wishing for safety, fortune, and good crops.

Then singing is practised in many northern provinces, namely Bac Giang, Bac Kan, Cao Bang, Ha Giang, Lang Son, Quang Ninh, Thai Nguyen and Tuyen Quang in the northeast; Dien Bien, Lai Chau, Lao Cai in the northwest; and some other Vietnamese localities.

14. The art of Xoe Thai dance

The art of Xoe Thai dance was listed as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity at the 16th session of UNESCO's Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, which takes place from December 13-18, 2021 in Paris, France.

Xoe Thai is a unique type of traditional dance associated with and plays a significant role in the daily life of Thai ethnic communities in the northwest of Vietnam, especially in the provinces of Lai Chau, Dien Bien, Son La and Yen Bai.

In the language of the Thai group, 'xoe' means dance with movements representing people's activities during rituals, daily life and work. It is performed in various community activities, from festivals to funeral rituals. Performers are members of the Thai community, regardless of gender, age, job and social status.

With gentle and alluring rhythms, dancers usually form a circle around a festive flame and move to the sound of traditional melodic music.

15. The art of pottery making by Cham ethnic people

The art of pottery making by Cham ethnic people was inscribed in the list of intangible cultural heritage in need of urgent safeguarding by UNESCO on November 29.

The recognition was made at the 17th session of the Inter-governmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Rabat, Morocco, according to the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism.

Cham pottery products are mainly household utensils, worship objects, and handicrafts such as jars (called "jek"), pots (gok), food trays (cambak), and vases (bilaok).

Pottery making demonstrates Cham women's creativity based on their community's knowledge.

Notably, instead of using turntables, Cham women move backwards around clay blocks to shape objects. The products are not laid with enamel but dried and baked outdoors in wood and rice straw fires at about 800 degrees Celsius for seven-eight hours.

Clay is sourced from the Hamu Tanu Halan field on the banks of the Quao River in Bau Truc village and the clay pit of Xuan Quang village, about 3km to the northwest of Binh Duc village, the central province of Ninh Thuan.

Despite preservation efforts, pottery making is still at risk of disintegration due to the urbanisation process's impact on access to raw materials, the slow adaptation to the market economy, and young people's lack of interest in the craft.

The pottery making of Cham people is Vietnam's 15th intangible cultural heritage to be named on the UNESCO list.

Vietnam’s UNESCO-recognised intangible cultural heritage Vietnam possesses an array of intangible cultural heritages that have been recognised by UNESCO.

Preserving and promoting Vietnam's cultural heritage “The 4th Vietnam Cultural Heritage Festival” provides opportunities for local people and tourists to enjoy and experience Vietnam's unique cultural and artistic activities, contributing to promoting and raising awareness of the country's heritage values.